Introduction
What is pyrite?
What are the warranty provider's concerns?
In the presence of humidity and oxygen, pyrite oxidizes and produces sulphuric acid. Pyrite oxidation also leads to the formation of gypsum crystals which increase in volume.
This increase in volume can lead to hardcore and backfill materials swelling which in turn may damage any concrete slabs, foundations or other structures that are laid on top of the hardcore and backfill materials.
Warranty stance
Our stance is that the developer shall ensure that the suitability of any hardcore and backfill material is appropriately determined by carrying out the necessary investigations including chemical analysis to ensure that there are no harmful contaminants or hazards, which could cause deterioration of any element of the development.
Failure to undertake required material testing is considered to increase the risk of pyrite contamination in hardcore and backfill materials. If present in excess of acceptable levels, they may contribute to the failure of an element of structure and the potential damage of associated materials which may result in not meeting with the Functional Requirements and performance standards stipulated by the Technical Manual - notably those relating to ground investigations, structural performance, durability and the life expectancy of materials.
What developers should action after reading this article
The Developer must ensure that where hardcore and backfill materials are specified and supplied to their developments, they should be tested and certified by a competent and appropriately accredited laboratory to ensure that they are of a suitable nature and quality in relation to the purpose and conditions of their use.
As there are no specific guidelines for visual detection of pyrite in hardcore and backfill materials, the required qualitative method of detection is by chemical analysis. This form of analysis should be used to check if such materials are affected, and to what extent using the petrographic indicator of swelling potential values.
The Petrographic Swelling Potential Indicator (PSPI) values
PSPI Value
0-10
11-20
21-40
41-60
61-80
81-100
Swelling potential
Neglible
Low
Low to medium
Medium to high
High
Very high
Further reading
For matters relating to ground conditions and Warranty, further information can be found within the ‘Ground Conditions’ section of our Technical Manual. Those wishing to obtain a greater understanding of hardcore specification, selection and issues around potential contaminants may refer to publications by the BRE, such as:
BRE Digest DG 522 (Replaces BRE Digest 276 which has been withdrawn)
Hard-core for supporting ground floors of buildings:
- Part 1: Selecting and specifying materials
- Part 2: Placing hard-core and the legacy of problem materials.
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Disclaimer
This technical document has been prepared by Premier Guarantee exclusively for the benefit of our registered customers. Its sole purpose is to provide guidance on the utilisation and interpretation of technical requirements pertinent to the warranty cover offered by Premier Guarantee.
Please note that this document is not intended for circulation or use beyond the aforementioned purpose. The information presented herein is for general guidance only and does not constitute professional advice. Registered customers and any other party accessing this document are advised not to rely solely on the information contained within.
Nothing in this document is intended to establish, nor should it be construed as creating, any contractual or legal obligations. In the event that any third party chooses to rely on the information provided, they do so entirely at their own risk. Premier Guarantee explicitly disclaims any duty of care or liability that may arise from the use of or reliance on this document by any third party, howsoever arising.
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